三大从句

根据性质与类型，从句可分为以下三大类：

  • 名词性从句
  • 定语从句
  • 状语从句

名词性从句

在句子中充当名词，是较为常见的从句。如主语、表语、宾语、同位语从句等。

定语从句

在复合句中起到定语的作用，用于修饰名词词性结构，其最显眼的特征就是先行词和关系词。先行词(中心词)即为被修饰的对象，关系词则是起到引导定语从句的作用。

状语从句

状语从句在复合句中起到状语作用，格外需要注意九大状语从句的引导词。

一、名词性从句

顾名思义啦，名词性从句指在句子中起到相当于名词的从句，按照类型可细化为四大类型：

  • 主语从句
  • 宾语从句
  • 表语从句
  • 同位语从句

举个栗子~

🌟 What she said is wrong. 主

🌟 I said that she was wrong. 宾

🌟 I am who I am. 表

🌟 The news that he will come back is true. 同

纵览全局

一、名词性从句的连接词

引导名词性从句的连接词有三种，单纯连词，连接代词，连接副词

单纯连词

that/whether/if在句中不充当任何成分，只起到连接从句的功能。that没有实际含义，whether/if有是否的意义。

🌟 That housing price will go up is certain.

🌟 Whether you win or not doesn’t matter.

连接代词

除却引导从句外，连接代词还具有指代的特性。主要有who/whom/whose/what等，具有具体的含义。

🌟 What doesn’t kill you only makes you stronger.

🌟 I am who I am.

🌟 What worries us is who let out the secret,

连接副词

具有副词的特点，可以做状语，有具体的含义，不能被省略。例如:when/where/how/why等

🌟 When the meeting will begin is unknown.

🌟 I don’t know how I can please him.

🌟 This is where the accident happened.

二、主语从句

主语从句（subject clause）,顾名思义就是利用一个从句来代替主语。

例如：That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us .

这句话的结构就是最基础的：主＋谓＋宾

  • 主语：That he finished writing the composition in such a short time

  • 谓语：Surprised

  • 宾语：us

连接词

从属连词 连接代词 连接副词
that who when
whether whoever where
whom how
whose why
what whenever
whatever wherever
which however
whichever

主语从句中的that虽然没有实际意义，但不可以进行省略。

注意点

从句的语态不受到主句时态影响

⭐ Who will be our monitor hasn’t been decided yet.

主句大部分情况是三单，但what引导的主语从句视情况而定

⭐ What caused the accident remains unknown.

⭐ What we need are good doctors.

主语从句放在句首表示"是否"的时候，不能用if，只能用whether

⭐ Whether Mary really heard him is really doubtful.

为了防止句子头重脚轻，往往将形式主语it放在句首，而真正的主语放在句末

⭐ That he will win the match is certain. --> It is certain that he will win the match.

⭐ What caused the accident is still a mystery. --> It is still a mystery what caused the accident.

📌主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况

  1. if引导的主语从句

✅ It is uncertain if he will leave for Beijing tomorrow.

❌ If he will leave for Beijing tomorrow is uncertain.

  1. It is said, (reported)...结构

✅ It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week.

❌ That President jin will visit our school next week is said.

  1. It happens, ... , It occurs ... 结构

✅ It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.

  1. It doesn't matter how/whether结构

✅ It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not.

  1. 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可以提前

✅ Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?

❌ It that will rain in the evening likely?

image-20220812225919955

三、宾语从句

定义

名词性从句均是异曲同工。即宾语从句就是利用一个从句来代替宾语。

例如：I think (that) you should tell the truth.

  • 主语：I

  • 谓语：think

  • 宾语：（that）you should tell the truth

连接词

同上文

时态

🏓主句为现在时，将来时，完成时，从句可以使用任何时态

🌟 I know he lives here.

🌟 I know he lived here ten years ago.

🍍主句为过去时，从句需要对应某种过去时态

🌟 I knew he lived here.

🌟 I saw he talking with her mother.

🍎遇到客观真理时，用现在时

🌟 The teacher said that earth travels around the sun.

注意点

🍏 宾语从句中That不可以省略的情况

1️⃣ 宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词

🌟 He think that learning English is very hard.

2️⃣ 从句的主语是this或that的时候

🌟 She said that would lead her win.

3️⃣ 有两个或以上的宾语从句，第二个that不能省略

🌟 I believe (that) you have done your best and that things will get better.

4️⃣ it做形式宾语，此时that引导的宾语从句that不可以省略

🌟 I thought it strange that Amy didn’t came up yesterday.

5️⃣ 双宾语时，that引导的从句做直接宾语，that不可以省略。

🌟 My foreign friend tell me that Chinese is one of the most difficult language to learn.

🔱 四种只能用whether的情况

1️⃣ or...not

2️⃣ 有介词

3️⃣ 后接to do

4️⃣ 做主语，只用whether

image-20220812234810736

四、表语从句

定义

名词性从句均是异曲同工。即表语从句就是利用一个从句来代替表语。

众所周知，表语谓语系动词（be 动词及感官动词）之后，所以一般结构为主语+系动词+表语从句

例如：The trouble is that he has lost a lot of money.

  • 主语：the trouble

  • 谓语: is

  • 表语: that he has lost a lot of money.

连接词

在从属连词上，多了as though和as if

时态

同主语从句，时态不受主句影响

注意点

只能用whether代替if引导

五、同位语从句

定义

同位语，按字面意思理解，就是与同位语前面的那个名词具有相同地位的成分. 即同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明、解释它的情况

例如 :

🌟 He my brother is a superstar.

他，即我的哥哥，是个明星(my brother是he的同位语)

🌟 We both can do it.

我们，两个人，都可以做(both就是we的同位语)

🌟 Where is you classmate tom.

你的同学汤姆在哪里（tom 是classmate的同位语）

同位语从句，就是用一个句子来做同位语成分，通常跟在一些特定的名词之后。这些名词有：

  • hope
  • wish
  • fact
  • answer
  • problem
  • new
  • belief
  • idea
  • promise
  • suggestion
  • order
  • conclusion
  • information
  • though

这些名词的名义都很抽象，指代不明确，所以往往跟一个同位语从句来解释这些名词的具体内涵。比如：

🌟 The fact that she didn’t like me really hurts me.

主语：The fact

谓语： really hurts

同位语：that she didn’t like me

宾语：me

不知道大家发现没有，不管是同位语还是同位语从句，他们都是起到解释说明的功能，不是关键的句子成分。所以即使他们被去除，也不会影响句子的完整性。

连接词

同上

时态

同主语从句

注意点

1️⃣ 定语（从句）是对其先行词的修饰，属于形容词范畴。而同位语（从句）是对其前面的抽象名词进行解释说明，属于名词范畴。

2️⃣ 引导词that在同位语从句中只起连接作用，不做任何成分。That在定语从句中属于关系代词，充当句子成分。

3️⃣ 当when,where,why,how 等连接副词连接时，虽然在句中充当成分，但前面没有与其意义相当的先行词！

🌟 He will never forget the days when he lived with his grandparents.

🌙 He has no idea when the meeting will be held.

二、定语从句

一、定义

一个句子跟在一个名词或代词后，对这个名词（代词）进行修饰限定的句子就叫定语从句，被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词。定语从句也可以叫做形容词词性从句。

📏 定语从句结构=先行词+关系词+从句

🏛️ 分类:

​ 1️⃣限制性定语从句

​ 2️⃣非限制性定语从句

💫 区别

  • 限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉从句后，主句意思不明显，所以称为限制性啦 (限制你删除)

🌟 A man who doesn’t learn from others can’t achieve much.

此时，主语A man指的是一类人，定语从句不能去掉，要不然区间就变成了怪怪的一个人了！

  • 非限制性定语从句仅仅是对修饰的词做进一步的说明，而没有深入的解释或是补充，去掉并不影响意思，且非限一般以逗号形式与主句分割。

🌟 Finally we visited the Three Gorges Dam, which is the greatest key water control project in the world at present.

  • 此外，非限还能对整个主句进行修饰嘞✌️,此时一般用三单

🌟 The traffic of this city is quite bad, which is know to every.

二、关系词

关系词就是引导词的官方说法啦，用来开启一个从句(火车头🚆）

关系代词

引导词 代替 用于 成分
that 人/物 限制 主、宾、表
which 物 Both 主、宾、表
who 人 Both 主、宾、表
whom 人 Both 宾、表
whose 人 Both 定语
as 人/物 Both 主、宾、表

By the way, 我的，你的，这类的词，是做定语哦

关系副词

引导词 代替 用于 成分
when 时间 Both 时间状语
where 地点 Both 地点状语
why 原因 限制 原因状语

下面我们来看看关系代词引导的定语从句

🍎 关系代词who/whom

指代人，分别做主语和宾语~

🌟 The man who lives in that house is my uncle.

🌟 The girl whom the teacher often praises is our monitor.

🍇 关系代词which

关系代词which指物，在定语从句做主语或宾语~

🌟 The book which cost me a lot of money is very interesting.

🍏 关系代词that

that只能用于限制性从句，可以指物指人，用于进一步的解释说明。

🌟 The bag that lies on the ground is hers.

🌟 The old man that I visited yesterday is my teacher.

📘 关系代词whose

这个关系词捏，一般可以用of whom/ of which的结构进行替代

🌟 Do you know the doctor, whose son is a doctor too?

➡️ Do you konw the doctor, the son of whom is a doctor too?

➡️ Do you konw the doctor, of whom the son is a doctor too?

🚙 as引导的定语从句

1️⃣ as引导的限制性定语从句

通常要跟such, the same, as进行搭配，构成固定搭配。

🌟 He is not such a fool as he looks.

🌟 He rides as expensive a bike as he can afford.

2️⃣ as引导的非限制定语从句

一般这时候，代替整个主句~

我们常见的就有as we all know, aas it is known, as it is , as it said above, as is usual等等啦。

🌟 As is known to the United States, Mark Twain is a great writer.

🌟 As we all know, the earth is round.

🌟 He is absorbed in work, as he often was.

我们再来看看关系副词引导的定语从句

🏷️ 关系副词when/where

当先行词是时间或地点名词，在从句中充当时间状语或地点状语，相当于"介词+which"

🌟 October 1, 1949 was the day when (=on which) the People’s Republic of China was founded.

🌟 This is the school where (=in which) I studied a few years ago.

那啥，where有时还可以于抽象名词后引导定语从句，常见的抽象名词有：

  • point
  • degree
  • stage
  • position
  • case
  • condition

🌟 We have reached a point where a change is needed.

🌟 He got into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right and wrong.

🚗 关系副词why

只能用于引导限制性定语从句哦，先行词只有reason，充当原因状语，相当于for which

🌟 Do you know the reason why (=for which) he is not here now?

✈️ 关系代词which和that的区别

🌵 只能用that的情况

  • 先行词是不定代词，或者被every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰

  • 先行词被序数词、形容词最高级、the only, the very, the last等修饰

  • 先行词有人有物

  • 疑问词是who或者which

🍰 只用which

  • 在非限制性定语从句中只能使用关系代词which
  • "介词+关系代词"引导的定语从句中，只能使用关系词which不能使用that

注意点

1️⃣ 定语从句的谓语动词需要跟先行词的人称和数保持一致！

🌟 Tom is one of the boys who are from the USA.

🌟 Tom is the only boy that is from the USA.

⭐ I, who am in Australia, feel proud of being a Chinese.

2️⃣ that和why只能引导限制，而what不能在定语从句中充当引导词

3️⃣ 限制性从句中，关系代词做动词宾语或介词宾语放在句末的时候，是可以进行省略的。而非限制性则不能进行省略。

🌟 Is there anything [ ( that ) you wanted ]?

🌟 Who is the man, whom you were talking to?

4️⃣ 用关系代词还是关系副词，取决于关系词在定语从句中充当的作用。

5️⃣ 以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由in which和that引导，而且通常可以省略

三、状语从句

今天我们来talk about状语从句~

啥是状语从句

⚓ 当然是在复合句中充当状语的从句啦！

有虾米用

⚓ 用来修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或者整个句子！换句话说，就是增加信息量!

⚓ 当然啦，脱离了状语从句的主句也能成活，且意思不受影响~

结构捏

⚓ 状语从句一般由连词引导，也可以由词组引导，可以放在任何位置~

⚓ 不失一般性，放在句首或句中时，通常用逗号隔开，而句末一般不用。

🌟 连词+状语从句 , 主句

🌟 主句 , 连词+状语从句

分类捏

根据状语从句所蕴含的信息，可以分为九大类！

类型 连词 or 词组
时间状语从句 when, while, as, before, after, since, until, as soon as. etc.
地点状语从句 where, wherever
原因状语从句 because, since, as
结果状语从句 so…that, such…that
❤️ 🥀
目的状语从句 so that, in order that
条件状语从句 if, unless, as long as
方式状语从句 as, as if/though, the way
💙 📘
让步状语从句 though, although, even if/ though.
比较状语从句 as…as, 比较级+than

时间状语从句

用来告诉你主句发生的时间！引导词包括：

🏷️ 当…的时候: when, while, as

🏷️ …发生前/后: before, after

🏷️ 一…就…(类似触发器~): as soon as, no sooner...than..., hardly...when...

🏷️ 自从: since

🏷️ 直到: until

🍎 when, while, as

when：像你身边人畜无害的朋友，既可以跟瞬间性动词（词组）go to bed 玩在一起，也可以和延续性动词 drink 做朋友。

例如！

🌟 When Dad was drinking Coke, Mom went to bed.

🌟 Dad was drinking Coke when Mom went to bed.

固定搭配be about to do sth. when... 表示正要做某事，这时

🌟 Mon was about to fall asleep when Dad gave a loud burp.

while：这个词，有点像你身边比较高冷的那种人，基本只跟延续性动词（如 drink）一起玩，而且常常是进行时。

🌟 While Dad was drinking Coke, Mom went to bed.

as：朋友圈也比较固定，后面跟延续性动词（如 drink）。as 强调主、从句两个动作同时发生

🌟 As Dad was drinking Coke, he saw Mom go to the bedroom.

🍎 until, not…until

until，单独一个词相当于 till，是“直到……”的意思。

那么，not…until 直译过来就是“不做某事，直到……”。这样讲话费劲啊，我们再捋捋通顺：“直到……才……”。

🌟 I watched TV until Mom came home.

🌟 I didn’t watch TV until Mom came home.

我们看两个栗子!

1）我爱你，至死不渝。from《唐顿庄园》

💌 I will love you, until the last breath leaves my body.

2）直到放弃你，我才能爱你。from《纯真年代》

💌 I can’t love you until I give you up.

🍎 as soon as

“一……就……”，遵循主将从现哦！

🌟 I will call you as soon as I arrive.

升级版 no sooner … than …

遵循主句过去完成，从句一般过去！

意思是：刚做完A，就去做B啦

所以A的时态相当于说话点的过去！而且A是完成了的，所以是过去完成时！

该句型描述的动作一般都发生在过去哦。

🌟 Dad had no sooner finished dinner than he took a Coke from the fridge.

条件状语从句

条件状语从句表示满足某个条件AA，事件BB 才会发生!

引导词

  • if
  • unless

🍎 if

if适用于主将从现

🌟 If you jump, I will jump.

🍎 unless

unless与if反着来，表示除非~

🌟 Unless you jump, I won’t jump.

🌟 If you don’t jump, I won’t jump.

原因状语从句

告诉你事情 AA 发生的原因！通常由because, since, as 引导，气场上逐渐减弱~

🍎 because

because表示直接原因，能够回答why的提问。一般情况下，提问方是不知道原因的。

⭐ Why do you hate her?

🌟 Because her dog always shits at my door.

🔔 注意注意！because不能和so一起用！

🍎 since

since一般放在句首，一般可以表示为既然，带点小傲娇

既然你诚心诚意的发问啦，我就告诉你为什么吧~

🌟 Since you asked in good faith, I will tell you why~

🍎 as

as可以表示由于，意思和语境是最弱也是最不正式的哦

🌟 As Mom gets angry, we had better go outside for a while.

结果状语从句！

告诉你事件AA 带来的结果！

一般来说，用so...that..., such...that...引导啦，可以意为：如此，以至于

🌟 D&G is so stupid that it took “hacked accounts” as an excuse.

so后面跟形容词，such后面跟人或物~

❗ The baby is so cute that Wong likes her.

❗ She is such a cute baby that Wong likes her.

当然，遇到many, much, little, few这类不定形容词修饰的时候，只能用so

🇱🇦 so many people, so much money

目的状语从句！

告诉你做事件AA 是为了啥！

一般用so that, in order that引导，可以理解为为了，以便

🏷️ so that和in order that用法相同

🌟 I got up early so that / in order that I could catch the early flight.

我们做个对比(跟结果状语so...that)

☀️ I got up early so that I could catch the early flight.

🌙 I got up so early that I felt drowsy in the afternoon.

可以从以下三个方面进行区分哦

1️⃣ 看意思。早起是为了赶飞机，但结果可能是一整天精神萎靡，让人看着像二傻子。

2️⃣ 结果状语从句的 so…that 大多数情况下分开写，目的状语从句的 so that 则当做固定搭配来记；

3️⃣ 目的状语从句一般带情态动词 can/ could, may/ might等。

让步状语从句

告诉你某事即使退一万步讲会怎样，通常由 although, though, even though 等引导，可以理解为尽管……，即使……。

🌟 Although Mom has a hot temper, Dad loves her very much.

❗ although和but也不能用在一个句子里！

❗ although比though更加的正式，而though可以做副词，意思是然鹅，阔以放在句末~

🌟 I got up early, I didn’t catch the early flight, though.

比较状语从句

告诉你AA 和BB 一样，或者AA 比BB 更怎样。通常由as + 形容词/ 副词 + as…，比较级 + than…等引导。

🌟 My sister eats twice as much as I do.

🏷️ 第二个as引导比较状语从句。第一个as是as...as...结构，意为和...一样

方式状语从句

告诉你动作以什么方式展开，常常由 as, as if/ though, the way 引导。

🌟 When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
🏷️ 入乡随俗。

🌟 Treat people the way you want to be treated.
🏷️ 用你希望别人对待你的方式去对待别人。

地点状语从句

告诉你动作在哪里发生（可以是抽象意义），常由 where 等来引导。

🌟 Where there is a will, there is a way.
🏷️ 有志者事竟成。