被动语态

与主动语态相对，被动语态将焦点放在动作的承受者上。

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构成: <承受者> be + 过去分词 + （by + <动作执行者>）

例句

  • His bicycle was stolen.
  • The building has been built in 2000.

注意啦，被动语态只有主语没有宾语，by xxx 是动作的承接者，作状语

什么时候需要使用被动语态呢？

  1. 不知道动作的执行者，或是没有必要知道
    • Paper is made from wood.
    • He was wounded in the fight.
    • Electricity is used to run machines.
  2. 需要强调动作的对象时
    • Calculator can’t be used in the maths exam.
    • He was awarded first prize in that contest.
  3. 让语气婉转，或是刻意隐藏信息
    • The construction of the new lab must be completed by the end of next month.

被动语态的结构

  • 一般现在时: be + p. p 及物动词的过去分词
  • 一般过去时: was / were + p. p
  • 一般将来时: shall / will be + p. p
  • 现在完成时: have / has been + p. p
  • 现在进行时: be + being + p. p
  • 过去将来时: should / would be + p. p
  • 情态动词: 情态动词 + be + p. p

如何将主动变成被动呢？

  1. 从句子的意义上看，找出被完成的事物
    • 主动: People speak English in many countries.
    • 被动: English is spoken by People in many countries.
  2. 从语法的角度看，把宾语改成主语
    • 主动: Xiao Liu has invited you to a lunch party.
    • 被动: You has been invited to a lunch party by Xiao Liu.

特殊情况

在主动变成被动时，需要留意以下几个特殊情况：

  1. 含双宾语的主动变成被动时，有两种方法：
    1. 间接宾语变成主语，直接宾语保持不变
    2. 直接宾语变位主语，间接宾语用to或for引导

例如：

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He told us a story.

# type 1
We were told a story (by him).

# type 2
A story was told to us (by him).
  1. 短语动词的被动需要视作一个整体，不能省去动词后的介词或副词
  2. 省略的to变成被动时需要补上
  3. 动词不定式的被动语态为to be ＋过去分词
  4. 以疑问代词开头的疑问句转换成被动句时要注意词序：应将主动句中的疑问代词改为介词by的宾语，但仍然放在句子开头

例如：

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Who has broken the cup?

By Whom has the cup been broken?
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倒装句

倒装句作为英语的一种修辞手法，可以用来强调主语。一般呢，常见于书面用语。

比如：

  • 你吃胡萝卜了吗？
  • 吃胡萝卜了吗，你？

一、完全倒装

完全倒装的谓语动词完全放在主语前了，一般情况下，用于副词/介词短语在句首的倒装，和主语补语的倒装。

地点副词在句首的倒装

关键词: here，there

例句: There goes the last bus.

时间副词在句首的倒装

关键词: now，then

例句: Now comes the wolf’s turn.

表运动方向在句首的倒装

关键词: in，out，up，down，away

例句: Up drive the car on the road.

表语的倒装

关键词：形容词、分词、介词短语、such

例句：Seated on the ground is a group of rabbits.

Such were the wolf’s trick.

二、部分倒装

分离助动词和谓语动词，将助动词提前。

主要用在：

  • 句首有否定意义时
  • 句首有only时
  • if...should...构成虚拟语气时
  • 固定句型

句首有否定意义的倒装

Never befor have I eaten such a delicious carrot.

句首有Only的倒装

Only in this way can we grow delicious carrots.

Only then did the rabbit meet the wolf.

if…should…构成虚拟的倒装

正常语序：If I should win the lottery, I would buy a huge pile of carrots.

倒装: Shoud I win the lottery, I would buy a huge pile of carrots.

固定句型

so do I.

neither/nor can the wolf.

三、形式倒装

形式倒装仅仅是将强调内容提前，而不对谓语动词和助动词进行修改。

主要有如下情况：

  • 感叹句
  • 比较句 the more the more
  • however whatever 引导让步状语从旧
  • as though 引导让步状语从句

感叹句

What a delicious carrot it is!

比较句

The more carrots you eat, the healthier you become.

让步状语

However long this video is, you should watch it till the end.

Much as he likes the carrot, he doesn’t want to eat it.

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