Unit2 介词和并列连词


一、介词

介词是一种虚词,不能单独使用,介词之后一般有名词或代词(宾格)或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句做他的宾语,即构成介词短语,常用于表示状态。

1.1 常见介词及辨析

  • 表示地点时,at, in, on的区别

    at后面跟的是比较小的地方,比如村庄,小城市,门牌等;in后面接比较大的地方,比如国家、城市等;on表示在某物之上,且表面接触。例如:on the road, in/on the stree, on the farm, in the field

  • 表示时间时at, on , in的区别

    1. at表示时间点

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      at six
      at noon
      at midnight
      at night
      at sunrise
      at the weekend
      at Christmas
    2. on表示在特定某一天或某天的上午,下午,晚上(时间段)

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      on Monday
      on Sunday afternoon
    3. in表示一段时间,后面跟上小时、周、月、年、季等表示一段时间的名词

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      in three hours
      in a week
      in a month
      in tree years

      in是不受限制的时间段,at是具体时间点,on是特定某天,其关系可以为:

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      def work(time):
      res="in"
      if type(time)=="时间点":
      res="at"
      elif type(time)=="时间段":
      if time=="具体某天" or time=="具体某天某段时间":
      res="on"
      return res
  • 表示持续时间的since, for, in, after的区别

    1. since接过去某个时间点,表示“自…以来”,常用于完成时。

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      She has been working here since 2007.
    2. for接一段具体的时间,常用于完成时,表示时间的延续。

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      I have studied English for 7 years.
    3. in+一段时间与非延续性动词连用,表示一段时间以后,多用于将来时。

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      Jack will be back in a week.
    4. after+一段时间表示“…之后”,常用于过去时。

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      After one month, the baby began to learn climbing.
  • 表示方位的介词in, on, to, off的区别

    1. in表示在境内

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      in China
      in Europe
    2. on表示相邻或在边界上,不在境内

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      on the border between Kenya and Tanzania.
    3. to表示在境外,不接壤

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      Beijing lies to the north of Shanghai.
    4. off表示在海面上靠近海岸的地方

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      off the southwest coast of the U.S.
  • 表示运动方向或目的的介词

    1. across表示穿过物体表面或横过

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      across the street
      across the English Channel
    2. through表示在某一空间通过或纵向穿过

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      through the forest
      go through the valley
    3. along表示沿着一条线平行

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      go along the bank of the river
    4. up表示向上,由南到北,由东到西,由沿海到内陆,由小地方到大地方,由农村到城市,反之则用down

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      go up to London for the day
      drive all the way down from Wuhan in Guilin
    5. to表示动作的目的地

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      travel to Beijing
      our weekly trip to the supermarket
    6. towards指朝向,而无到达的意思

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      walk towards the river
      look out towards the sea
    7. for表示前往的目的地,与其连用的动词有leave, start off, set out, head, sail

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      leave for New York
      a ship heading for Dalian
  • 表示“除…之外”的介词

    besides:表包含,意为“除…之外还有”

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    Besides the Black, six couples attended the party last Saturday.

    except:表示排除,意为"除…之外"

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    The museum is open every day except Tuesday.

    but:表示排除,多和nobody, none, no one, nothing, anything, everyone, all, who等连用

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    Nothing but trouble will come of this plan. # 注意排除的是前面主语部分
    # A but B
    # 表示全集A挖去子集B剩下的集合

    except for:表示出去整体中的部分,意为“只不过,只是”,有大体肯定,细节指正的意思

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    Your composition is very good except for a few spelling mistakes.
  • amongbetween

    among:表示三个或以上的人或物之间,后接复数名词或集体名词

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    The news sparked a heated debate among people on social media.
    # 这一消息在社交媒体上引发了人们的激烈讨论

    between:用于两者之间,或者三个以上的两两之间

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    Peter sat between Mary and Jane.
  • 表示价格、比率、标准、速度的介词

    at:表示价值、价格、比率或速度,例如buy sth. at a half price

    for:表示交换,指总价钱,如pay $3 for a ticket

    by:表示度量单位或标准,后接计量单位和名词,一般是单数,前面需要加冠词the,数词或复数名词前不加。如:

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    We're paid by the hour. # 我们按小时计费
    Increase by 20% # 增长20%
  • against

    ​ 值得注意的是,against是介词,而不是动词

    • 表示“反对,不利于,对着,违背”

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      We are all against his idea.
      He was married against his will. # 他结婚是违背本意的
      There were 20 votes for him and 12 against him. # 有20票赞成他,12票反对他
    • 表示“靠着,盯着,迎着”

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      He stood with his back against the door.
      He hit his head against the window.
      Bright red flags flow in the wind against the blue sky.
  • beyond

    • 表示位置,意思是“在…的那一边,在…之外,在更远处"

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      The new housing estate stretches beyond the playing-fields. # 新的住宅区一直延伸到游乐场的另一边
    • 表示时间,意思是“迟于,超过"

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      Some shops keep open beyond midnight. # 有些商店营业到半夜之后
    • 表示范围、水平、限度、能力,意思是“超出,多余,为…所不能及"

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      Your work is beyond all praise. # 你的作品让人称赞不已
      She was really touched beyond words. # 她确实被感动的无法形容
    • 表示年龄或数量,意思是"超过"

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      He didn't believe in people living beyond 150. # 他不能相信人能活到150岁以上
    • 用在否定和疑问句中,意思是“除…之外"

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      I know nothing beyond what he told me. # 除了他告诉我的,我一无所知

      # 常用搭配
      beyond belief # 难以置信
      beyond doubt # 无疑的
      beyond compare # 无与伦比的,举世无双
      beyond recognition # 认不出来,无法辨认
      beyond control # 无法控制的
      beyond repair # 无法修理
      beyond description # 难以形容

    1.2 固定介词搭配

    • 介词+名词

      1. at+名词

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        at war # 正在交战
        at work # 正在工作
        at peace # 处于和平或平静状态
        at table # 正在吃饭
        at meeting # 在开会
        be at school # 正在上学
        at church # 在做礼拜
        at breakfast/lunch/supper # 正在吃早(午/晚)饭
      2. in+名词

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        in progress # 正在进展中
        in fashion # 流行
        in church # 在做礼拜
        in danger # 处在危险中
        in class # 在上课
        in turn # 依次
        in action # 在运转
        in hospital # 在住院
        in tears # 在流泪
        in office # 在执政
        in power # 掌握权力
        in operation # 生效,起作用
        in need # 在贫困中
        in addition # 此外
        in time # 及时
        in trouble # 处于困境之中
        in one's opinion # 根据某人的看法
      3. on+名词

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        on strike # 在罢工
        on leave # 在休假
        on the rise # 在上涨
        on a visit # 正在访问
        on sale # 正在出售
        on time # 准时
        on earth # 究竟;在地球上
        on the contrary # 相反
      4. under+名词

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        under consideration # 在考虑之中
        under construction # 在修建中
        under discussion # 在讨论中
        under treatment # 在治疗中
        under repair # 在修理中
        under attack # 受到攻击
    • 形容词+介词

      1. at有关的

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        be angry at sth. # 对某事感到生气
        be good at # 擅长于
        be bad at # 不擅长
        be surprised at # 对...感到吃惊
        be clever at # 擅长
        be terrified at # 对...感到害怕
      2. of有关的

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        be afraid of # 害怕
        be sure of # 对...有把握
        be full of # 充满
        be tired of # 对...感到厌倦
        be fond of # 喜欢
        be proud of # 对...感到自豪
        be worthy of # 应得到某物
        be centain of # 对...确定的
      3. with有关的

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        be angry with sb. # 对某人感到生气
        be strict with sb. # 对某人要求严格
        be careful with # 受到...欢迎
        be busy with # 因...而繁忙
        be popular with # 受到...欢迎
      4. to有关的

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        be next to # 与...相邻
        be good to # 对...好
        be polite to # 对...有礼貌
        be kind to # 友好对待
        be cruel to # 对...残暴
        be rude to # 对...无理
        be married to # 嫁给,娶
        be close to # 靠近,挨着
        be near to # 距离...近
        be similar to # 与...相似
        be known to # 为...所知
        be due to # 是由于
      5. for有关的

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        be good for # 对...有利
        be free for # 对...免费
        be fit for # 对...合适的
        be unfit for # 对...不合适
        be eager for # 渴望
        be hungry for # 渴望
        be anxious for # 为...感到焦虑,担心
        be sorry for # 为...感到抱歉
        be known for # 因...而闻名
      6. from有关的

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        be far from # 远离
        be different from # 不同于
        be free from # 使...免于
        be safe from # 没有...的危险
        be absent from # 缺席
    • “动词+介词”固定搭配

      1. 动词+at

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        glare at # 瞪着
        laugh at # 嘲笑
        stare at # 瞪着
        arrive at # 到达,抵达
      2. 动词+for

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        mistake... for... 将...误作
        search for 搜寻
        pay for # 为...付费
        run for # 竞选
        blame...for... # 因...责备
        charge for # 索价,收费
        leave... for... # 离开,前往
        account for # 解释,是...的原因,占
      3. 动词+from

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        die from # 死于
        hear from sb. # 收到某人的来信
        keep...from... # 阻止...做
        prevent...from... # 阻止...做
        stop...from... # 阻止...做
        # stoping him from doing it!
        protect...from... # 保护...免受...
        distinguish...from... # 使...区别于...
        recover from... # 从...回复
        separate... from... # 将....与...分离
        suffer from # 遭受,受...之苦
        tell...from... # 将...与...区分
        discourage sb. from. # 劝别人不要
      4. 动词+in

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        involve ... in ... # 将...牵扯进来
        result in # 导致,造成
        result from # 由...造成,因...产生
        succeed in # 在...方面成功
        lie in # 在于
        believe in # 信任,相信
      5. 动词+into

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        divide...into... # 将...划分为
        change...into... # 将...转变
      6. 动词+of

      7. 动词+on/upon

      8. 动词+介词to

      9. 动词+with