Unit1 冠词、名词、代词和数词

一、冠词

冠词用在名词之前，分不定冠词a\an和定冠词the两类

1.1 不定冠词

  1. 表示初次提及，非特指的时候，需要使用不定冠词

    例句：

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The Wilsons live in an A-shaped house near the coast. It is a 17th-century cottage.
# 威尔逊先生一家住在海边的一个A字形房子里，那是一个17世纪的小屋

  1. 表示数量“一个”

    不定冠词表示数量时，等同于one，用于人名前，则是表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事情，以为a certain

    例句：

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Hello, could I speak to Mr.Smith?
Sorry, wrong number. There isn't a Mr.Smith here.

  1. 用于quite,rather,many,half,what,such之后或so(as,too,how)+形容词之后

    例句：

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This room is rather a big one.
She is so lovely a girl that all of us like her very much.

  1. 用于某些抽象名词之前，表示具体化

    例句：

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It would be a pity to cut down these trees.
He is a great success as a scientist.

​ 类似的单词还有pleasure,pride,honor,failure,comfort,promise,danger,reality等。

  1. 固定短语搭配

    例句：

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a bit 
at a loss
at a time 
come to a stop
......
  1. a/an的使用区分

  • 以元音音素开头的单词前面用an，例如an eraser、an hornor等

  • 以辅音读音开头的单词前面需要用a，例如a book

  • 在26个英文字母中，a,e,i,o,f,h,l,m,n,r,s,x等字母的读音是以元音音素开头，需要用an，其他用a

    • There is an "m" and a "u" in the word "mysterious"

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      ---

      ### 1.2  定冠词

      1. 表示上文提及过的，或是双方都已知晓的

         此时相当于指示代词`this、that、those、these`等

         例句：

         ```python
         A waiter came and waited. John caught my look and we both got up and, ignoring the waiter, made our way to the buffet.
         # 一个侍者走了过来，候在附近。约翰领会了我的眼神，我们两个都站了起来，没有理睬那个侍者，朝自助餐台走去。

  1. 用于独一无二的事物前

    例如the sun，the sky，the earth等等

    例句：

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    Copernicus concluded that the earth goes round the sun.

  2. 用于序数词，最高级前

    例句：

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    Tom is the last person that I want to see. # 汤姆是我最不想见的人
    Is Shanghai the second largest city in China? # 上海是中国第二大城市吗
    He is the smartest boy in our class. # 他是我们班上最聪明的男生

    注意：

    • 序数词前使用不定冠词是，表示“再、又”的意思

    • It's the second time I've read the book. I want to read it a third time.

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      + 用于"the+比较级"表示“两者中较...的”部分

      + ```python
        Of the two sisters, Betty is the younger one, but she is the tallest girl in her class.

    • 有时most表示“非常",但并不是最高级，此时不需要加the

    • He is the most famous doctor in this hospital and he is a most amazing person.

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      4. 用于`the more..., the more`结构

         此时表示"越..., 越..."

         **例句**：

         ```python
         The more money you make, the more you can spend.
         The harder you work, the more progress you will get.

  3. 定冠词还能用于以下几种情况

    • 用于复数姓氏前表示某某夫妇或者一家人，例如the Smiths
    • 在逢十的复数名词前，表示年代，例如in the 1990s
    • 在表示西洋乐器的名词前加，但球类运动不加
    • 用于"动词+人+介词+the+人体部位"，此时不用物主代词，如：beat him on the shoulder
    • 用于单位名词前表示标准，即表示计量标准，相当于汉语的“按”，“论”，“每”，但by表示依据讲的时候后面跟抽象名词是不用任何冠词的，例如by weight, by length, by width
    • 用于the+某些形容词或过去分词中表示一类人，如the rich，the poor
    • 用于the+police/public等集合名词表示这类人的总称
    • 用于修饰same, only, very等形容词，可用于the same, the only, the very结构中
    • 下文将具体展示the的用法
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    In the 1980s, the Smiths were already in their thirties and lived in a village. Their doughter liked playing the piano while their son liked playing football.
    Near their house there was as fair where bananas are usually sold by weight and eggs by the dozen.It was the only fair in the area. 
    The fair was open to the public only during two open-house weekends. Both the poor and the rich went there. The old took the children in the hand tightly in case they got lose.

  4. 还有固定的短语搭配

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    all the time
    the other day
    all the year around
    at the age of 
    ......

1.3 不用冠词的情况

  1. 身份、职位、头衔名词前

    例如be elected chairman

  2. 球类、棋类名词前

    例如play football, play chess

  3. 一日三餐的名词前

    例如have breakfast/lunch/supper

  4. 交通方式名词前

    例如by bike, by ship, by plane

  5. 一些地点名词前

    例如bed, church, school, hospital, prison等

    若在这些地方加上了the，表示去这些场所做其他的事情

  6. 使用定冠词与不使用定冠词的短语辨析

    某些固定搭配使用定冠词和不使用时会出现含义差别。

    定冠词 不加
    in the front of 在(范围内的)面前 in front of 在(范围外的)前面
    at the table 在桌旁 at table 吃饭
    go to the school 去学校 go to school 上学
    in the charge of 在…管理之下 in charge of 主管，负责
    in the case of 就…来说 in case of 假如，万一
    the last week 相对过去某个时间而言的上个星期 last week 说话时以前的上个星期
    go to the sea 去海边 go to sea 出航

二、名词

名词是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词，有专有名词和普通名词之分，还有不可数和可数名词之分。

可数名词，分为单数和复数两种形式。可数名词前可以用不定冠词、数词或some、many等修饰。如：a man、a desk、an apple、an orange、some books、some children、two pens

不可数名词，不可数名词，没有复数形式，前面不能用不定冠词、数词或many等词语修饰，但可以用some，a little，much等词语来修饰。有时可以与一些量词短语搭配，这些量词短语中的名词一般是可数的，有单数形式，也可以有复数形式，一般使用的量词短语a(或an） /little/bit/piece…

如：some water，a little milk ，much food，a piece of bread，two bottles of ink，some glasses of water

2.1 常见名词构词法

  1. 由-ment构成

    -ment表示行为的结果或具体工具

    例如：

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    move(移动，使运动)--movement(运动，移动)
    develop(发展)--development(发展)
    measure(测量)--measurement(测量)
    equip(装备)--equipment(装备，设备)
    achieve(达到，完成)--achievement(达到，成就)
    agree(同意，商定)--agreement(同意，协议)

  2. 由-tion, -ation, -sion构成

    -tion, -ation, -sion表示行为的过程

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    explain(解释)--explanation(解释)
    produce(生产)--production(生产)
    divide(划分)--division(划分)
    express(表示，表达)--expression(表示，表达)

  3. 由-ness构成

    形容词后面加后缀-ness

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    cold(寒冷的)--coldness(寒冷)
    dark(黑暗的)--darkness(黑暗)
    useful(有用的)--usefulness(用处)
    exact(精确地)--exactness(精确)

  4. 由-ence, -ance构成

    某些动词或形容词后面加-ence或-ance可构成相应的抽象名词

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    enter(进入)--entrance(入口处)
    resist(抵抗)--resistance(抵抗)
    depend(依赖，依靠)--dependence(依靠，依赖)
    different(不同的)--difference(不同，差别)
    absent(缺席，不在的)--absence(缺席，不在)
    refer(参考)--reference(参考)
    important(重要的)--importance(重要性)

  5. 由-y, -ty, -ity构成

    某些形容词后面加-y,-ty,-ity等表示性质状态的后缀，构成抽象名词

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    difficult(困难的)--difficulty(困难)
    electric(电的)--electricity(电)
    safe(安全的)--safety(安全)
    cruel(残酷的)--cruelty(残酷)
    able(有能力的)--ability(能力)
    active(积极地，活跃的)--activity(活动)

  6. 有些动词变名词较为复杂，需要注意

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    succeed--success 成功
    pronounce--pronounciation 发音
    explain--explanation 解释
    decide--decision 决定
    enter--entrance 进入
    permit--permission 允许
    refuse--refusal 拒绝
    consider--consideration 考虑
    discover--discovery 发现
    bury--burial 埋葬
    conclude--conclusion 结论
    arrive 推断 --arrival 到达
    weigh 重 --weight 重量

2.2 抽象名词具体化

​ 抽象名词一般为不可数名词，但当抽象名词表示为具体的东西时，可用作可数名词且词义发生变化。这种语言现象叫做抽象名词的具体化。

用作抽象名词 具体化(可数)
in surprise 惊讶地 a surprise 让人惊讶的事情
win success 获得成功 a success 一个(件)成功的人(事)
win honor 赢得荣誉 an honor 一件引以为荣的事
Failure is the mother of success 失败是成功之母 a failure 一个失败者
by experience 靠经验 an experience 一次经历
full of youth and vitality 充满青春和活力 a youth 一个年轻人
have pity on sb. 怜悯某人 a pity 可惜的事情
with pleasure 乐意 a pleasure 乐事 
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He had had six failures and would have a seventh try.
他经历六次失败，并将进行第七次尝试
A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.
懂英语对于做国际贸易来说是必不可少的
She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.
她为自己做错了事向妈妈道歉

2.3 名词的数

1. 可数名词变复数的规则变化

  • 一般在词尾-s:

    • 清辅音后读/s/：map-maps
    • 浊辅音和元音后读/z/：bag-bags,car-cars

  • 以s,sh,ch,x等结尾的词加-es，读/iz/：bus-buses；watch-watches

    • 值得注意的是：stomach-stomachs

  • 以y结尾的专有名词或以元音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时，直接加-s

    • two Marys; the Henrys; monkey--monkeys; holiday--holidays

  • 以o结尾的前面是辅音字母，变为复数时，有一些加-es

    • hero-heroes; potato-potatoes; tomato-tomatoes
    • Heroes eat potatoes and tomatoes 英雄吃马铃薯和西红柿
    • 一般是活的加-es，不活的加-s

  • 以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时，有的加-s，有的变f或fe为v再加-es

    • 只加s的情况

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      chief--chiefs
      belief--beliefs
      roof--roofs
      cliff--cliffs
      safe--safes
      gulf--gulfs

      助记：“长官”，”信仰“，”房顶“和”悬崖“是”安全“的”港湾“

    • 变f或fe为v再加-es的情况

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      wife--wives
      half--halves
      knife--knives
      wolf--wolves
      leaf--leaves
      life--lives
      thief--thieves

      助记：“妻子”用“半”把“刀”阻止“狼”称为偷盗“树叶“”生命“的”小偷“

2. 可数名词边复数不规则变化

  • child--children
foot--feet
tooth--teeth
mouse--mice
man--men
woman--women

# 一个词加man或woman构成合成词，其复数也是men或women
# 但German不是合成词

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    + 单复数同形，如`deer, sheep, fish, Chinese, Japanese`

    + 以`s`结尾，仍为单数的

      + `maths, politics, physics`等学科名词，一般是不可数名词，为单数

      + `news`为不可数名词

      + 以复数名词出现的书名、剧名、报纸、杂志名，也可视为单数

        + ```python
          The Arabian Nights is a very interesting story-book.
    

+ 表示由两部分构成的东西，如`glasses, trousers, clothes`在表达具体数目是，需要借助数量名词`pair`和`suit`，如`a pair of glasses, two pairs of trousers`

+ 另外部分名词在表示复数形式时，可能有特别的含义，如`goods, waters, fishes`

3.不可数名词

比较常见的不可数名词有：advice, news, information, progress, work, fun, weather, music, health, luck

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# hair 指一个人全部头发时，是不可数名词，但如果指每一根头发时，是可数的，可以说one hair、two hairs

# 可以说drink beer, drink coffee, drink gin, 但在要酒水时应该说： a (glass of) beer, a gin, two gins

# experience指“经历”时是可数名词：
He had an exciting experience/some exciting experiences last week.

# work意味"职业、就业、工作"时事不可数名词:
He is looking for work/for a job.

# works(只有复数形式)可以表示工商，或是文学和音乐作品：
Shakespeare's complete works.

4.名词的所有格

名词所有格表示从属关系，分为**'s所有格和of所有格**，一般来说’s表示有生命的东西，of往往用于无生命的东西。

4.1 -‘s所有格的构成方法

一般情况下，直接加-'s就行了

  • children's books
today's paper

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    带词尾`-s`的复数名词只加`-'`

    + ```python
      girls' school
      the Smiths' car

带词尾-s的单数名词通常仍要加-'s

  • the boss's plan
the hostess's worry

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    带词尾`-s`的人名，可以只加`-'s`或是`-'`

    用`and`连接的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况，即表示各自的所有关系时，要分别在并列名词后加`-'s`，表示共同的关系时，只需要在最后一个名词后加`-'s`

    + ```python
      Tom's and Jim's rooms.
      Tom and Jim's room.
4.2 of+名词构成的所有关系

of所有格多用于无生命的东西，例如the cover of the book，但也有例外：

  • the housing problem of the poor.
the skills of the workers who have been well trained.

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    当然，有些表示时间、距离等无生命名词和表示世界、国家、诚征的名词，也可以用`-'s`或`-'`

    + ```python
      five minutes' walk
      today's newspaper
4.3 双重所有格

双重所有格是指将-'s和of两个所有格结合起来用，构成of + 名词's的格式，表示整体中的一个或部分，用于修饰of前面的名词，但此时该名词一定要有一个量词修饰，且不能是one和the

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Two classmates of my sister's will come to join us.
# 全集：my sister's (classmate)
# 子集: two classmate (of my sister's classmate)

双重所有格也可以由of+名词性物主代词构成，例如：a friend of mine

三、代词

所谓代词，是代替名词的词类。大部分代词具有名词和形容词的功能。根据其意义、特征和在句中的作用，代词可分为：

  • 人称代词
  • 物主代词
  • 指示代词
  • 反身代词
  • 相互代词
  • 疑问代词
  • 关系代词
  • 连接代词
  • 不定代词

共九种。

3.1 人称代词主格与宾格的用法

人称代词有主格和宾格之分，主格代词一般在句中做主语、表语，宾格代词一般做动词的宾语和介词的宾语。

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If you keep a pet, you need to spend some time taking care of it.
# 两个 you 分别做主语, it 做宾语

# we,you,they  有时可泛指"人们"
They say prices are going to rise again.

# she 可以用来指代国家、船只、大地、月亮等
China will always do what she has promised to do.

The Titanic was on her first voyage when she sank.

# 注意人称代词并列时的顺序
You and I are good friends.
You and he must be there at seven o'clock.
You, he and I will be put in the same class.

3.2 名词性和形容词性物主代词

物主代词是表示所有关系的代词，可以分为形容词性，名词词性两种

第…人称 单复数 形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词 中文意思
第一人称 单数 my mine 我的
第一人称 复数 ours ours 我们的
第二人称 单数 your yours 你的
第二人称 复数 yours yours 你们的
第三人称 单数 his, her, its his, hers, its 他的, 她的, 它的
第三人称 复数 their theirs 他们的, 她们的, 它们的

形容词性物主代词不可单独使用，必须放在名词前做定语。

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My name is John Green.
They wash their hair every day.

名词性物主代词可以单独使用，相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”，常做宾语和表语。

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These are his books. Yours are over there.
I forgot to bring my dictionary. Could I use yours?
Whose book is this? It's hers.

3.3 反身代词的用法

反身代词是一种表示反射或强调的代词，表示“我(们)自己"，“你(们)自己”，“他/她/它们自己”。

第一、二人称的反身代词是由形容词性物主代词+-self或-selves构成，第三人称反身代词由人身代词的宾格加-self或-selves构成，反身代词常做宾语、表语和同位语。

做宾语

有些动词常与反身代词连用，如bathe, amuse, blame, feed, dress, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave等

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Little Albert is only four, but he can feed himself, wash himself and dress himself.

常见的表达有：

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dress oneslef 自己穿衣
say to oneself 心里想
devote oneself to 致力于
seat oneself 坐下
enjoy oneself 过得快乐
talk/speak to oneself 自言自语
help oneself to 随便吃
teach oneself 自学
hide oneself 把自己藏起来

作表语

反身代词可用作表语

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The boy in the picture is myself, not anyone else.
I am not myself today. 我今天不舒服

做同位语

反身代词可以加强名词或代词的语气，强调"自己，亲自，本人"等意思，通常跟在名词、代词之后，也可以用于句尾，此时反身代词应重读。

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I'm afraid I can't help you. You'll have to do it yourself.
# 恐怕我帮不了你了，你得自己做

You should ask the students themselves.
# 你应该问学生们自己

反身代词还常与for, of, in, by等介词搭配，构成固定短语

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for oneself 亲自
of oneself 自动地
in oneself 本身固有
by oneself 独自

3.4 疑问代词

疑问代词有who(主格), whom(宾语), whose(所有格), what(什么), which(哪个)等，一般都放在句首，并在句中作为某一句子成分。

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Who is going to speak to us tomorrow.
Whom are you talking about?
Whose umbrella is this?
What did he say?
Which is yours, the blue pen or the red one?

疑问代词可用于名词性从句中，用在名词性从句时，倒装句的语序需要改为陈述句语序。

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Do you know what he has said. # 你知道他说了什么吗
# 疑问代词what引导一个宾语从句，而他本身又在从句中做宾语

Who will be in charge of the work is still not decided. # 谁负责这项工作现在还没有定
# 疑问代词who引导一个主语从句，它本身又在从句中做主语

3.5 不定代词

both, either, neither

both意为“(两者)都”，either意味着“(两者中)任意一个”，neither意为"(两者)都不"，若要指三者或以上，all表示三者都，则用any表示三者中任何一个，none表示三者都不。

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He has two sons, both of whom are clever.
He has two sons, either of whom is clever.
He has two sons, neither of whom is clever.

each和every

each可做代词、形容词、副词，every是形容词，仅具有形容词的功能。

  • each指两个或两个以上的人或事物中的“每个”，强调one by one的含义，every指三个或以上的人或事物的“全体”，与all意思相近。

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    He gave a book to each of his parents.
    Every worker was there and each did his own work.

  • each作形容词时，修饰单数名词，接第三人称单数形式，做代词时，单独使用，接动词三单，放在复数名词和代词后做同位语时，谓语动词用复数形式。若each of them做主语，谓语动词可做单数形式也可用作复数形式。

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    Each man carries his own bag. # 修饰单数名词
    We each have our own office. # 做we的同位语
    Each carries his own bag. # 代词
    Each of them are/is here. # 代词

  • every与not连用，表示部分否定，each做代词一般不与否定句连用，在否定句中多用neither, none, no等代替。

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    Every man is not honest. # 并不是每个人都很城市

  • each的前面不可使用almost, nearly, not等词汇，但every之前可以采用。注意在否定句中一般不用each! each of这种表达要换成none of

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    Almost every windows was broken. # 几乎每一扇窗子都是破的 # 不可用almost each
    Not every child enjoyed the party. # 并非所有孩子都喜欢这个派对
    None of the answers were correct. # 所有答案都是不正确的(全盘否定)

  • every总是修饰单数名词，后面接三单。代表each和every的物主代词可用his，也可用their

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    Each carried their/his own bag.

some和any

some多用于肯定句，any多用于否定句、疑问句或条件句。在表示请求、建议、反问或是希望得到肯定回答的疑问句中，常用some而不用any。some可与数词连用，表示“大约”的意思。

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Would you mind buying me some candies on your way home?
Will you give me some paper?
She gained some 25 pounds in weight during pregnancy. # 她在怀孕期间增重了大约25磅

few, a few, little, a little

  • few / a few用来修饰可数名词，few表示否定意义，意为“没有，几乎没有”,a few表示肯定意义，意为“有几个”

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    He has few friends here, so he freels lonely. # 他在这没啥朋友，因此感到寂寞
    There are a few eggs in the basket. # 篮子里有几个鸡蛋

  • little / a little用来修饰不可数名词，与few类似，little表示否定，a little表示肯定

another, the other, others

  • another或another+单数可数名词泛指“另一个，再一个”，其复数形式时others或other+复数名词，泛指"别的人(或事物)"，常见的搭配有one ... another，some ... others

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    This glass is broken. Give me another, please.
    There are may people in the park. Some are walking, some are jogging, and others are dancing.

  • the other特指两者中的一个，常有one... the other ...的搭配，复数形式为the others

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    He has a book in one hand, and a pan in the other.
    Of the four boys, one is in Grade One, the others are in Grade Two.

  • another还可用于another+基数词+复数名词，如another three cups

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    # 与 other 和 another相关的习惯性用语：
    other than(除...之外)
    each other=one another(相互)
    one after another(一个接一个)

复合不定代词

由some, any, no, every加上body, oen, things构成的不定代词叫做符合不定代词。常见的有：

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somebody 某人
someone 某认
something 某物

anybody 任何人
anyone 任何人
nobody 无一人

everybody 每个人
everyone 每个人
everything 每件事，一切

nothing 无一物

复合不定代词相当于名词，在句中可做主语、宾语和表语，且不能作定语。

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Everything goes as planned. # 做主语
I don't have anything to say. # 做宾语
Money is not everything. # 做表语

复合不定代词被定语所修饰时，定语必须放在他们后边。

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There is nothing wrong with the machine.

替代词it, that, (the) one(s), those 的用法

  • 替代词it, one, that辨析

    it/ one/ that三者均可做代词，指代前面提到的名词，一般来说，it指代的是上文提到的同一物品， one, that则是同名异物。

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    I have lost my umbrella, I'm looking for it.
    I have lost my umbrella, I thing I must buy one.
    The umnbrella you bought is cheaper than that I bought.

  • one 与 ones的区别

    one=a/an+上文出现的名词，复数用ones，主格与宾格相同

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    There are many school bags, I want to buy one.
    The only jokes I tell are the ones that I hear from my friends.

  • that 与 the + 名词

    that=the+上文出现的名词，包括可数名词单数和不可数名词，指代复数名词时用those

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    The weather in Nanjing is hotter than that in Beijing.

  • 代替单数可数名词时用one和that均可，一般泛指用one，特指用that

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    I don't have a computer, and I've decided to buy one.
    The computer is different from that we are using.

  • 后跟of短语时，一般只能用that(those)

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    The light of the sun is much brighter than that of the moon.

  • 代替特指的可数名词时，若无前置定语，that或the one可以互相换用

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    This film is more interesting than that (the one) we saw last night.

it非人称代词的用法

  • it表示时间、距离、价值、天气、气候及温度

    it在作非人称代词时，主要用于指时间、距离、价值、天气、气候及温度

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    It's too late to go there now.
    It rained all day yesterday.
    It can get very hot here.

  • it引导的强调句型

    it引导的强调句的结构为：It+be+被强调部分+that/who+其他，此类强调句由普通句转换而来，用于强调句子的主语、宾语或状语。

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    Karl bought Mary a bicycle on her birthday.

    It was Karl that/who bought Mary a bicycle on her birthday.
    It was a bicycle that Karl bought Mary on her birthday.

    not...until...句型也可用于强调句型，其结构为：It is not until + 被强调部分 + that + 其他，表示“直到…才"

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    It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a film star.
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    I didn't realize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses.
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    Not until she took off her dark glasses did I realize she was a film star.

  • it做形式主语

    当不定式、动名词、从句等复杂成分用作句子主语时，为保持句子平衡，通常把真正的主语放在句末，在句首使用形式主语it`

    It + be + adj. + for/of sb. to do sth. 意为某人做某事，当形容词侧重描述某人的品质、特征时，需要使用of，当侧重动作本身则需要使用for

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    It's very kind of you to help me with my English.
    It's very hard for me to answer such a complicated question.

    It takes sb. + 时间段 + to do sth.意为“某人做某事花了…时间

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    It took me two months to finish writing this book.

    It is said/reported/learned that意为“据说/据报道/据悉…"

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    It is reported that a female worker in the gas station put out the fire.

    It is suggested/ordered that...意为“据建议/有命令”主句中的过去分词是表示请求、建议、命令等词语时，that后面的从句要用虚拟语气，谓语部分采用"should+动词原形"的形式。

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    It is suggested that some measures (should) be taken to protect the special plant.

  • it做形式宾语

    当不定式、动名词、从句等复杂成分用作宾语且后面跟上宾语补足语时，通常会使用形式宾语it代替，而将真正的宾语移至句末，其基本结构为“动词+ it + 宾语补足语 + 不定式(动名词或从句)"。常用于该结构的动词有：think, believe, make, find, consider, feel, take

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    I find it hard to translate this Chinese sentence into English.
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    # 某些表示“喜怒哀乐”的动词，如like, enjoy, love, hate等，往往不能直接跟宾语从句，需使用it作形式宾语
    I don't like it that he's so lazy.

  • it用于表示时间的固定句式

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    # It's time for sth. 该做某事了
    It's time for class.

    # It's time to do sth. 到了该做某事的时间了
    It's time to have lunch.

    # It's time for sb. to do sth. 某人该做某事了
    It's time for us to go home.

    # It's (about/high) time + that 从句. 意为"某人该做某事了",从句谓语动词需要用过去式，有时也用"should+动词原形"
    It's high time you started thinking about saving for your old age.

    # It's the first(second) time + that 从句. 意为“某人第一/第二次做某事"
    It's the first time that the boy has spoken to a foreigner.

    # It's + 时间段 + since 从句. 意为“自从...有一段时间了"
    How time flies! It's three months since I saw you last time.

    # It's + 时间段 + before 从句,意为“过多长的时间才....""
    It was several minutes before we realised what was happening.

四、数词

4.1 基数词

  • 基数词的基本用法

    用作基数词单位的hundred, thousand, million, billion通常不带复数词尾-s，但若用于表示数百、数千、数百万这样的泛指，则用复数。

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    About two thousand people died in the earthquake.
    Thousands of people go to the seaside every year.

  • 表示整十的基数词用法

    表示整十的基数词用复数形式可以表示人的大概岁数或某个年龄

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    He is in his early twenties. # 他的年纪在20出头
    This story took place in the 1930s. # 故事发生在20世纪30年代

4.2 序数词

  • 序数词的构成

    大部分的序数词是由基数词加-th构成，如：seven-seventh, ten-tenth

    以-t结尾的基数词只在词尾加-h, 如eight-eighth

    以-ve结尾的基数词改-ve为-f再加-th，如five-fifth, twelve-twelfth

    以-y结尾的基数词改-y为-ie再加-th，如twenty-twentieth, thirty-thirtieth

    几十几的序数词只在个位数体现，如twenty-one-twenty-first

    特殊的序数词：one-first, two-second, three-third, nine-ninth

  • 不定冠词a与序数词连用

    序数词前加a表示“再一次”

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    Can I try a second time?

  • 序数词用于分数中

    描述分数时，分子用基数词，分母用序数词，分子大于1时，分母加s

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    1/5: one fifth
    2/3: two thirds

4.3 倍数

英语中表达倍数常用下列句型：

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A is three/four ... times the size/height/length/width ... of B.
A is three/four ... times as big/higt/long/wide ... as B.
A is three/four ... times bigger/higher/longer/wider ... than B.

... times + more + 名词 + than ...
... times + as many(much) + 名词 + as ...
... times + what 从句

用times表示倍数时，一般只限于三倍或三倍以上的倍数，表示两杯常用twice或double

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The box is one-third bigger than that one.
This dictionary is five times as thick as the one you borrowed from the library.

4.4 数词相关的主谓一致

  • 表示时间、路程、金钱或重量等重复名词的主谓一致

    当名词词组中心词为表示时间、路程、金钱或重量等复数名词时，往往根据意义一致的原则，把这些复数名词看做一个整体，谓语采用单数形式。

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    Twenty dollars is not enough.
    Two months has passed before we realized that.

    # 但是数词单独用来表示人或物，谓语动词一般用复数
    Three were killed and ten were missing in that accident.

  • 分数、百分数中的主谓一致

    如果句子主语是”分数或百分数+of+名词或代词“的形式，谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于of介词短语中的名词或代词的数，如果of介词短语中的名词或代词为单数含义或不可数名词，则谓语动词用单数形式，如果of介词短语中名词或滴啊次为复数含义，谓语动词也用复数形式。

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    Two thirds of the earth is convered with water.
    Two thirds of the people present are against the plan.

  • "many a/more than one + 单数名词"结构主谓一致

    如果主语是该结构，尽管从意义上来看还是复数，但谓语动词仍用单数形式。

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    Many a student in this class has expected as long break. # 在班上的很多学生都期待能多休息一会